Low back pain - cause and prevention of long-term handicap (a critical review).

Insurance data among United Kingdom males indicate an annual loss from back pain of 627 days per 1000 employed though detailed studies in cohorts of manual workers suggests that the loss from low back pain may be half as much again. In a sample of 2684 mixed manual workers, 151 (5.6%) were deemed to have long-term handicap using the criteria of: spells of absence in excess of 6 weeks; admission to hospital; continuous or increasingly severe pain lasting more than a year. A further study indicated that 16/10 000 employees obtained early retirement from the Post Office on grounds of low back pain. Limited evidence to support the theory that injury and heavy work loads contribute to the onset of back pain and the implications of this for prevention are discussed.