Mester H
Angew Parasitol. 1978 Feb;19(1):20-8.
(1) An analysis of the correlation between the number of chewing lice appearing on the nestlings of lapwing and their age is presented (fig. 2). As soon as a few hours after hatching most of the birds are parasitized by at least two species of mallophaga. Specimens of Quadraceps rapidly increase in the total during the first week of the host's life. At this time they predominantly inhabit the down on the belly. On waders this genus is abundant and generally takes the dominant position in frequency, while members of the superfamily Amblycera remain scarce components in the simple communities constituted by the parasites (fig. 3). -- (2) Nothing is known about a niche overlap of Austromenopon and Actornithophilus. Probably some competition exists between these genera on a certain host, as the mean-times of numerous occurrence and of transmigration from a parent bird to the nestlings are different in the two species considered (fig. 1). Confident generalization are not permitted, however. (3) Quadraceps junceus is an habitual blood-feeder. Most females of this species are haemophagous when invading the nestlings but males select blood only occasionally. The difference in food preference shown by the sexes proved to be highly significant and may be innate. Hence, perhaps the females have to seek a blood meal before maturation of the eggs just as mosquitoes do. Actornithophilus swarmed from the corpus of its host immediately fro considerable distance. (4) In sporadic cases overcrowding of feather-lice occurs even on birds which show no signs of weakness or injury. So far such outbursts of a population have been found only on full-grown birds, however. Here an example is given concerning a lapwing's nestlings that had hatched the same morning. In turn, attention is drawn to the factors normally regulating the variation in the order of dominance among the parasites involved and limiting their population-size. As a rule juvenile birds possess larger populations of mallophaga than adults do (fig. 4).
(1) 本文对凤头麦鸡雏鸟身上出现的咀嚼虱数量与其年龄之间的相关性进行了分析（图2）。孵化后几小时内，大多数雏鸟就至少被两种食毛目寄生虫寄生。四棱虱属的标本数量在宿主生命的第一周内迅速增加。此时，它们主要栖息在腹部的绒毛上。在涉禽中，这个属的数量很多，在寄生虫组成的简单群落中，通常在出现频率上占主导地位，而钝缘总科的成员在这些群落中仍然是稀少的组成部分（图3）。——(2) 关于澳大利亚羽虱属和嗜鸟虱属的生态位重叠情况尚无定论。这两个属在某一宿主身上可能存在一定竞争，因为在考虑的这两个物种中，它们在同一宿主身上的大量出现次数和从亲鸟向雏鸟迁移的平均时间是不同的（图1）。然而，目前还不能进行可靠的归纳总结。(3) 灯草四棱虱是一种习惯性吸血者。该物种的大多数雌性在寄生雏鸟时会吸血，但雄性只是偶尔选择吸血。两性在食物偏好上的差异被证明具有高度显著性，可能是先天性的。因此，也许雌性像蚊子一样，必须在卵子成熟前寻找血餐。嗜鸟虱会从宿主身上成群地迅速飞离相当远的距离。(4) 在个别情况下，即使在没有虚弱或受伤迹象的鸟类身上也会出现羽虱过度繁殖的情况。然而，到目前为止，这种种群爆发仅在成年鸟类身上发现过。这里给出一个关于同一天早上孵化的凤头麦鸡雏鸟的例子。此外，人们还关注到通常调节相关寄生虫优势顺序变化并限制其种群规模的因素。通常情况下，幼鸟身上的食毛目寄生虫数量比成年鸟多（图4）。
