Marks L E
J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform. 1982 Apr;8(2):177-93. doi: 10.1037//0096-1523.8.2.177.
Synesthetic metaphors (such as "the dawn comes up like thunder") are expressions in which words or phrases describing experiences proper to one sense modality transfer their meanings to another modality. In a series of four experiments, subjects used scales of loudness, pitch, and brightness to evaluate the meanings of a variety of synesthetic (auditory-visual) metaphors. Loudness and pitch expressed themselves metaphorically as greater brightness; in turn, brightness expressed itself as greater loudness and as higher pitch. Although loudness thus shared with brightness a metaphorical connection, pitch and brightness showed a connection that was closer and that applied more generally to different kinds of visual brightness. The ways that people evaluate synesthetic metaphors emulate the characteristics of synesthetic perception, thereby suggesting that synesthesia in perception and synesthesia in language both may emenate from the same source-from a phenomenological similarity in the makeup of sensory experiences of different modalities.
通感隐喻（如“黎明如雷般升起”）是这样一种表达方式，即描述一种感官体验的词语或短语将其意义转移到另一种感官体验上。在一系列四项实验中，受试者使用响度、音高和亮度量表来评估各种通感（听觉 - 视觉）隐喻的意义。响度和音高隐喻性地表现为更高的亮度；反过来，亮度表现为更大的响度和更高的音高。虽然响度因此与亮度有隐喻上的联系，但音高和亮度之间的联系更紧密，并且更普遍地适用于不同类型的视觉亮度。人们评估通感隐喻的方式模仿了通感感知的特征，从而表明感知中的通感和语言中的通感可能都源自同一来源——源自不同感官体验构成中的现象学相似性。
