Grassmann P
Naturwissenschaften. 1984 Jul;71(7):335-41. doi: 10.1007/BF00410737.
All living beings are, from the thermodynamic point of view, open, well regulated, and optimized systems with considerable internal irreversibilities. However scientific research is mainly based on closed systems. The theory of open systems is very well developed in engineering thermodynamics. Here the concept of "exergy"--the thermodynamic potential related to given surroundings--clearly distinguishes between the two concepts of the word "energy".
从热力学的角度来看，所有生物都是开放的、调节良好且优化的系统，具有相当大的内部不可逆性。然而，科学研究主要基于封闭系统。开放系统理论在工程热力学中得到了很好的发展。这里的“㶲”概念——与给定环境相关的热力学势——清楚地区分了“能量”这个词的两个概念。
