Swanson A B, Tada K, Yonenobu K
J Hand Surg Am. 1984 Sep;9(5):658-64. doi: 10.1016/s0363-5023(84)80007-6.
Eighty-eight upper extremities of 65 patients with ulnar ray deficiency were reviewed with regard to clinical manifestations. Based on the findings, a subclassification into four types was established: type I, hypoplasia or partial defect of the ulna; type II, total defect of the ulna; type III, total or partial defect of the ulna with humeroradial synostosis; and type IV, ulnar defect with congenital amputation at the wrist. Various manifestations of deficiency were evident not only within the ulnar ray but also in other rays. Hypoplasia of the shoulder and/or proximal part of the humerus was present in some cases of types III and IV. Elbow involvement varied from functioning (type I) to acute flexion contracture (type II) to fusion (type III). In 57 hands the digits and carpal bones in the radial ray showed hypoplasia and/or defect. Central digits and carpal bones were also influenced by ulnar ray deficiency, presenting carpal bone fusion, syndactyly, and delta phalanx.
对65例尺骨射线发育不全患者的88个上肢进行了临床表现回顾。根据检查结果，将其分为四种类型：I型，尺骨发育不全或部分缺损；II型，尺骨完全缺损；III型，尺骨完全或部分缺损合并肱桡关节融合；IV型，尺骨缺损伴腕部先天性截肢。发育不全的各种表现不仅在尺骨射线内明显，在其他射线中也很明显。III型和IV型的一些病例存在肩部和/或肱骨近端发育不全。肘部受累情况从功能正常（I型）到急性屈曲挛缩（II型）再到融合（III型）不等。在57只手中，桡骨射线的手指和腕骨表现为发育不全和/或缺损。中央手指和腕骨也受到尺骨射线发育不全的影响，表现为腕骨融合、并指和三角指骨。
