Hentsch U, Ulmer H V
Int J Sports Med. 1984 Dec;5(6):343-7. doi: 10.1055/s-2008-1025930.
From diving practice we know that breath-holding time (BHT) can be increased by training. This examination was set up to illuminate whether BHT underwater can be trained decisively in a short period of time. The authors investigated whether physiologic or psychological aspects are the main constituents of the above-mentioned BHT phenomenon. BHT and the "onset point" of involuntary respiratory movements of 64 subjects were registered after deep inspiration and immersion in ca. 1 m. Two different tests were set up: (I) 2 breath-holds per day on 5 consecutive days, (II) 5 repeated breath-holds with pauses of 3 min in between. BHT of the first test was shorter underwater than in similar experiments in air; the increase of BHT underwater was distinctly higher (series II: 160%). Thirty percent of the subjects inequivocally showed respiratory movements (group 1), 31% did not reach the "onset point" (group 3). In group 1 BHT was considerably higher than in group 3. In group 1 the mean time span without respiratory movements rose by 14% in series I and by 233% in series II, whereas the time span with respiratory movements rose by 105% and 119%. These results confirm and quantify the good trainability of BHT underwater. Two processes cause this increase: the increase in time span without respiratory movements probably by unconscious hyperventilation and the increase in time span with respiratory movements through psychological adaptation by suffering the need to breathe.
从潜水实践中我们知道，屏息时间（BHT）可以通过训练来延长。本次试验旨在探究水下屏息时间是否能在短时间内得到显著训练。作者研究了生理或心理因素是否是上述水下屏息现象的主要构成要素。在64名受试者进行深吸气并浸入约1米深的水中后，记录其BHT和非自主呼吸运动的“起始点”。设置了两项不同的测试：（I）连续5天每天进行2次屏息；（II）进行5次重复屏息，每次之间间隔3分钟。第一次测试中，水下的BHT比在空气中进行的类似实验要短；水下BHT的增加明显更高（系列II：160%）。30%的受试者明确表现出呼吸运动（第1组），31%的受试者未达到“起始点”（第3组）。第1组的BHT明显高于第3组。在第1组中，无呼吸运动的平均时长在系列I中增加了14%，在系列II中增加了233%，而有呼吸运动的时长增加了105%和119%。这些结果证实并量化了水下BHT良好的可训练性。有两个过程导致了这种增加：无呼吸运动时长的增加可能是由于无意识的过度换气，而有呼吸运动时长的增加是通过忍受呼吸需求的心理适应实现的。
