Tsunenari S, Yonemitsu K, Kanbe T, Kanda M
Ann Acad Med Singap. 1984 Jan;13(1):25-31.
International crimes such as smuggling and business fraud are increasing. It is possible that members of the Yakuza (Japanese racketeers or gangsters) may be involved in these criminal activities. The Yakuza is one of the best organized criminal groups in the world. It assumes a family-like form with fictitious kinship ties while making a living through organized crime. The sociological and criminological background of the Yakuza and their physical characteristics namely tattooing, digital amputation, and penile spheres are described and discussed so that the Yakuza can be identified even by foreign forensic pathologists.
诸如走私和商业欺诈等国际犯罪活动日益增多。日本黑帮（日本的敲诈勒索者或歹徒）成员有可能参与了这些犯罪活动。日本黑帮是世界上组织最为严密的犯罪集团之一。它以虚构的亲属关系呈现出家族式形态，靠有组织犯罪为生。本文描述并讨论了日本黑帮的社会学和犯罪学背景以及他们的身体特征，即纹身、断指和阴茎球体，以便外国法医病理学家也能够识别日本黑帮成员。
