Bromage T G, Boyde A
Am J Phys Anthropol. 1984 Dec;65(4):359-66. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.1330650404.
Shipman and Rose (1983) have recently attracted attention to the fact that the determination of directionality of cutmarks could possibly provide additional evidence for interpretation of early hominid butchering practices and handedness. They found no criteria of directionality, however. We have previously recognized directionality in cut dental tissues and more recently in bone, and so we undertook a study of over 200 experimentally produced cutmarks on bovine bone by scanning electron microscopy. Three criteria of directionality were observed: bone smears, oblique faulting, and oblique chipping. In our analysis we considered properties of bone as a relevant variable in the microscopic appearance of cutmarks, which has also led to the new finding that not all marks made by a single tool under similar conditions are the same. We observed that bone smears occurred in most specimens, relatively low density forming bone surfaces facilitated oblique fault production, whereas oblique chipping frequently occurred in plexiform bone tissue common to growing artiodactyls. In this study, handedness of the operator could be determined from cutmarks, but much further experimental work will be required in order to detail the criteria.
希普曼和罗斯（1983年）最近引起了人们对这样一个事实的关注，即切割痕迹方向性的确定可能为早期原始人类屠宰行为和用手习惯的解释提供额外证据。然而，他们没有发现方向性的标准。我们之前在切割牙齿组织中识别出了方向性，最近在骨骼中也识别出了方向性，因此我们通过扫描电子显微镜对200多个在牛骨上实验产生的切割痕迹进行了研究。观察到了三个方向性标准：骨涂片、斜向断层和斜向碎裂。在我们的分析中，我们将骨的特性视为切割痕迹微观外观中的一个相关变量，这也导致了一个新发现，即在相似条件下由单个工具造成的所有痕迹并不都是相同的。我们观察到，大多数标本中都出现了骨涂片，相对低密度的成骨表面有利于斜向断层的产生，而斜向碎裂则经常出现在偶蹄目动物生长过程中常见的丛状骨组织中。在这项研究中，可以从切割痕迹确定操作者的用手习惯，但为了详细说明这些标准，还需要进行更多的实验工作。
