Coleman J R, Lindsley D B
Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1977 Mar;42(3):309-31. doi: 10.1016/0013-4694(77)90168-7.
The electrical activity of the dorsal and ventral hippocampus and of the anterior and posterior neocortex is described and illustrated during the development of trained operant behavior in water-deprived cats learning to bar-press for water reward under three operant conditioning schedules: (a) continuous reinforcement; (b) alternating 10 sec periods of reinforcement and non-reinforcement; and (c) mixed reinforcement and non-reinforcement with special auditory and visual cues. In addition, the contrasting effects of 100 c/sec electrical stimulation of the medial and lateral hypothalamic systems upon hippocampal electrical activity and operantly trained behavior are reported. During the early stages of learning to bar-press for water reward, when close attention to the bar and water-well are required, hippocampal electrical activity manifests synchrony (theta rhythm) and neocortical electrical activity is desynchronized. Subsequently, as bar-pressing performance improves and requires little attention to the manipulanda, the pattern of hippocampal and neocortical electrical activity is one of irregular slow waves mixed with low voltage high frequency activity, characteristic of relative inattention and automatic performance. During alternating or mixed reinforcement and non-reinforcement schedules of operant training differential effects are observed during reinforcement and non-reinforcement periods, the latter being characterized generally by lower voltage, mixed low and high frequency activity, except when orienting and shifting of attention occurred with associated theta rhythm bursts. Stimulation of the medial hypothalamic system has a striking inhibitory effect upon bar-pressing for water reward. Bar-pressing ceases for many minutes but its eventually resumed at the pre-stimulation rate. In contrast, stimulation of the lateral hypothalamic system only interrupts bar-pressing for a matter of seconds. Possible causes of these differential effects, and especially the prolonged inhibition of bar-pressing induced by medial hypothalamic stimulation, are discussed.
本文描述并展示了缺水猫在三种操作性条件反射程序下学习按压杠杆获取水奖励的训练性操作行为发展过程中，背侧和腹侧海马以及前侧和后侧新皮质的电活动情况。这三种操作性条件反射程序分别为：（a）连续强化；（b）强化与非强化交替出现的10秒时段；（c）伴有特殊听觉和视觉线索的强化与非强化混合模式。此外，还报告了对内侧和外侧下丘脑系统进行100赫兹电刺激对海马电活动和操作性训练行为的对比效应。在学习按压杠杆获取水奖励的早期阶段，当需要密切关注杠杆和水井时，海马电活动表现为同步化（θ节律），而新皮质电活动则去同步化。随后，随着按压杠杆的表现改善且对操作对象的关注减少，海马和新皮质电活动的模式变为不规则慢波与低电压高频活动混合，这是相对不关注和自动操作的特征。在操作性训练的交替或混合强化与非强化程序中，在强化和非强化时段观察到了不同的效应，后者通常表现为较低电压、低频和高频活动混合，除非在伴有θ节律爆发的定向和注意力转移时出现例外。刺激内侧下丘脑系统对按压杠杆获取水奖励有显著的抑制作用。按压杠杆行为会停止数分钟，但最终会恢复到刺激前的速率。相比之下，刺激外侧下丘脑系统只会使按压杠杆行为中断几秒钟。本文讨论了这些不同效应的可能原因，特别是内侧下丘脑刺激引起的按压杠杆行为的长时间抑制。
