Olkinuora M
Scand J Work Environ Health. 1984 Dec;10(6 Spec No):511-5. doi: 10.5271/sjweh.2292.
Occupational roles are a dominant force in many aspects of social life. Occupation signifies a complex of social and psychological factors that reflect intelligence, education, personality, ambition, social status, and life-style. The consumption of alcohol and alcoholism have many correlations with occupational roles. Mortality from cirrhosis of the liver reflects the per capita consumption of alcohol. In certain occupations such mortality rates are clearly above average. The highest risk is found in occupations associated with the serving of food and beverages. A Finnish study has shown that the alcohol-related use of health services among males is the highest among unskilled workers, painters, seamen, and construction workers and the lowest among executives and farmers. Many population studies have shown that blue-collar workers and laborers have the highest level of drinking. This pattern is not necessarily true among females. The risk factors associated with occupation include the availability of alcohol at work, social pressure to drink on the job, separation from normal social relationships, and freedom from supervision. The opportunity to obtain alcoholic beverages relatively inexpensively, when combined with social pressure by peers to drink heavily, is an especially powerful explanation for high rates of alcoholism within an occupation.
职业角色在社会生活的许多方面都是一股主导力量。职业意味着一系列社会和心理因素的综合体，这些因素反映了智力、教育程度、个性、抱负、社会地位和生活方式。饮酒和酗酒与职业角色有诸多关联。肝硬化死亡率反映了人均酒精消费量。在某些职业中，此类死亡率明显高于平均水平。风险最高的职业是与食品和饮料服务相关的职业。芬兰的一项研究表明，男性中与酒精相关的医疗服务使用率在非技术工人、油漆工、海员和建筑工人中最高，而在管理人员和农民中最低。许多人口研究表明，蓝领工人和体力劳动者的饮酒量最高。这种模式在女性中不一定成立。与职业相关的风险因素包括工作场所是否有酒、工作时饮酒的社会压力、与正常社会关系的脱节以及缺乏监督。相对廉价地获得酒精饮料的机会，再加上同龄人大量饮酒的社会压力，是某一职业中酗酒率高的一个特别有力的解释。
