Fletcher A B, Avery G B
Postgrad Med. 1984 Jan;75(1):113-22. doi: 10.1080/00325481.1984.11698559.
Providing adequate nutrition for the healthy full-term newborn is relatively easy; breast milk or formula is sufficient for the first six months of life. Although the full-term infant's organ systems are relatively mature, the gastrointestinal tract is often stressed by the demands of rapid growth, and feeding difficulties, such as gastroesophageal reflux, colic, milk allergy, and constipation, may occur that necessitate special handling. The small preterm infant, however, has many urgent nutritional needs; management is usually complicated by the fact that the infant's immature organs may be unable to cope with enteral feedings. Thus, total parenteral nutrition is necessary, with extensive laboratory monitoring of metabolic functions and precise attention to detail to avoid a prolonged period of partial starvation.
为健康足月新生儿提供充足营养相对容易；母乳或配方奶在生命的前六个月就足够了。虽然足月婴儿的器官系统相对成熟，但胃肠道常常因快速生长的需求而承受压力，可能会出现诸如胃食管反流、腹绞痛、牛奶过敏和便秘等喂养困难，这就需要特殊处理。然而，早产的小婴儿有许多迫切的营养需求；由于婴儿未成熟的器官可能无法适应肠内喂养，管理通常会变得复杂。因此，必须进行全胃肠外营养，并对代谢功能进行广泛的实验室监测，同时要格外注重细节，以避免长时间的部分饥饿状态。
