Mangili Giovanna, Garzoli Elena
Local Health Unit Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo.
Pediatr Med Chir. 2017 Jun 28;39(2):158. doi: 10.4081/pmc.2017.158.
The administration of the adequate amount of nutrients helps to improve a correct short-term linear growth and long-term neurocognitive development. To reduce the extra-uterine growth delay in very low birth weight infants (VLBW) the best strategy of nutrition (parenteral or enteral) should be established rapidly, since the first day of life. In preterm infants, nutrition can be administered parenterally and enterally. Prematurity is the most frequent indication for parenteral nutritional support due to intestinal functional immune deficiency, deficiency of digestive enzymatic systems and reduced nutritional reserve of these infants. In terms of enteral nutrition, breast milk is the first choice. In case of preterm and VLBW infants, fortifiers are used to overcome breast milk's protein and mineral deficiencies. When breast milk is not available, specific infant formula is the alternative.
给予适量营养有助于促进正确的短期线性生长和长期神经认知发育。为减少极低出生体重儿（VLBW）的宫外生长迟缓，应从出生第一天起迅速确立最佳营养策略（肠外或肠内营养）。对于早产儿，营养可通过肠外和肠内途径给予。由于肠道功能免疫缺陷、消化酶系统缺乏以及这些婴儿营养储备减少，早产是肠外营养支持最常见的指征。就肠内营养而言，母乳是首选。对于早产和极低出生体重儿，可使用强化剂来克服母乳中蛋白质和矿物质不足的问题。若无法获得母乳，特殊婴儿配方奶粉是替代选择。
