Macklin R
Milbank Mem Fund Q Health Soc. 1983 Winter;61(1):35-57.
Althought the literature--medical, philosophical, religious, and legal-- on personhood is vast, there is little evidence that writers on this topic are approaching a consensus on the meaning of the concept or on criteria for its application. Some writers set low, or minimal, standards for personhood - others posit higher, more normative standards. But throughout, the moral values writers antecedently embrace determine the definition they arrive at by way of conclusion. Personhood has not been a useful concept for resolving dilemmas in bioethics.
尽管关于人格的文献——医学、哲学、宗教和法律方面的——数量众多，但几乎没有证据表明，探讨这一主题的作者们正在就该概念的含义或其应用标准达成共识。一些作者为人格设定了较低或最低标准，另一些作者则提出了更高、更具规范性的标准。但总体而言，作者们先前秉持的道德价值观决定了他们最终得出的定义。人格在解决生物伦理困境方面并非一个有用的概念。
