Wentink G H
Anat Embryol (Berl). 1978 Feb 20;152(3):261-72. doi: 10.1007/BF00350524.
The movements of the right hind limb of horses with normal locomotion were studied using cinephotography and electromyography. A model of the cycle of a stride in the walk and the trot was constructed and the kinetic parameters of the segments of the limb were calculated. A good correlation was obtained between the kinetics and the periods of the cycle of a stride during which individual muscles display activity. The results of this study demonstrate that: at placing and lifting, i.e., when a change occurs in the direction of the movement of the limb; b) At the walk, the greatest forces operant at the centres of gravity of the limb segments in the direction of the progression are present in the beginning and the end of the support phase. The first top in the acceleration curve is produced by activity in the retractors of the limb (hamstrings, gluteus medius muscles). At the end of the support phase, when activity in the retractors of the limb no longer exists, the dynamic effect of the moment of the weight about the point of support of the stabilized inclined limb, as well as the elastic resilience of the muscular tissue are responsible for the push-off. At the trot, the greatest forces in the direction of progression are exerted in the middle of the support phase and are largely due to muscular action; c) In the second part of the support phase in the walk, the stifle flexes and the hock extends, which results in stretching the tendinous peroneus tertius and subsequently in flexion of the hock as soon as the hoof starts rolling over; d) The gastrocnemius and cranial tibial muscles in the reciprocal tendinous apparatus centre the line of action of the resultant load on the tibia during the locomotion and reduce the strain due to bending; e) At the end of the support phase, the action of the rectus femoris muscle is replaced by that of the vastus lateralis, which prevents hooking of the patella on the medial ridge of the femoral trochlea by rotating it laterally around a longitudinal axis.
采用电影摄影术和肌电图对正常运动马匹右后肢的运动进行了研究。构建了行走和小跑时一步周期的模型，并计算了肢体各节段的动力学参数。在动力学与单个肌肉显示活动的一步周期各阶段之间获得了良好的相关性。本研究结果表明：a）在着地和提举时，即肢体运动方向发生变化时；b）在行走时，在支撑期开始和结束时，在肢体节段重心沿行进方向起作用的力最大。加速度曲线的第一个峰值是由肢体后缩肌（腘绳肌、臀中肌）的活动产生的。在支撑期结束时，当肢体后缩肌不再活动时，稳定倾斜肢体支撑点处重量力矩的动态效应以及肌肉组织的弹性回弹是产生蹬地动作的原因。在小跑时，沿行进方向的最大力施加在支撑期的中间，并且在很大程度上归因于肌肉作用；c）在行走支撑期的第二部分，膝关节屈曲，跗关节伸展，这导致第三腓骨肌腱伸展，随后一旦蹄开始滚动，跗关节就会屈曲；d）在运动过程中，腓肠肌和胫骨前肌在相互腱装置中使作用于胫骨上的合成负荷作用线居中，并减少弯曲引起的应变；e）在支撑期结束时，股直肌的作用被股外侧肌的作用所取代，股外侧肌通过使髌骨围绕纵轴横向旋转，防止髌骨钩挂在股骨滑车的内侧嵴上。
