Steinbaugh M
Clin Sports Med. 1984 Jul;3(3):649-70.
Nutritional intake is undoubtedly an important component that has an impact on physical performance of all athletes, women as well as men. Clearly, this fact is recognized and is acted upon by the athlete in seeking nutritional advice from sources reliable and otherwise in the hope of finding a food or nutrient that provides the "competitive edge." The nutritional advice that will best serve female athletes in their physical endeavors and in their health is based on a few sound nutritional principles. The nutrients required for physically active women are the same as for women in the general population and for men. Although the nutrients required are the same, physical activity does influence the amount of some nutrients needed by female athletes. In general, female athletes will need more energy, water, sodium, potassium, and certain vitamins (thiamin, riboflavin, niacin) than nonathletic females. Fortunately, this does not require special dietary adjustments, since when a balanced diet is eaten to meet additional energy needs, the requirements for sodium, potassium, and vitamins are usually more than met. The female athlete should be encouraged to give special attention to two nutrients, water and iron. Any female athlete participating in physical activity causing significant sweat loss should understand the importance of fluid balance and how to properly rehydrate during and following exercise. Iron is not required at increased levels for the female athlete; however, it is frequently limited in the diet of women in general. If the diet is inadequate and biochemical abnormalities are found, supplementation should be considered under the guidance of a physician. Lastly, although studies repeatedly show the general adequacy of female athletes' diet, there is evidence that some individual athletes do consume a marginal diet. By evaluating the typical pattern of dietary intake, these athletes can be identified and provided with nutritional counseling or supplementation, or both.
营养摄入无疑是影响所有运动员（无论男女）身体表现的一个重要因素。显然，运动员认识到了这一事实，并会从可靠或其他渠道寻求营养建议，希望找到一种能提供“竞争优势”的食物或营养素。能最有效地帮助女性运动员进行体育活动并保持健康的营养建议是基于一些合理的营养原则。从事体育活动的女性所需的营养素与普通女性以及男性相同。虽然所需的营养素相同，但体育活动确实会影响女性运动员对某些营养素的需求量。一般来说，女性运动员比不运动的女性需要更多的能量、水、钠、钾和某些维生素（硫胺素、核黄素、烟酸）。幸运的是，这并不需要特殊的饮食调整，因为当通过均衡饮食来满足额外的能量需求时，钠、钾和维生素的需求通常也能得到满足。应该鼓励女性运动员特别关注两种营养素，即水和铁。任何参与导致大量出汗的体育活动的女性运动员都应该明白体液平衡的重要性以及如何在运动期间和运动后正确补充水分。女性运动员对铁的需求量并没有增加；然而，一般女性的饮食中铁含量常常有限。如果饮食不足且发现有生化异常，应在医生的指导下考虑补充铁剂。最后，虽然研究反复表明女性运动员的饮食总体上是充足的，但有证据表明一些个体运动员的饮食质量较差。通过评估典型的饮食摄入模式，可以识别出这些运动员，并为他们提供营养咨询或补充剂，或两者都提供。
