MbangKollo D, deRoos R
Gen Comp Endocrinol. 1983 Feb;49(2):167-75. doi: 10.1016/0016-6480(83)90133-8.
The effects of a single infusion of epinephrine or norepinephrine and of a 2-min handling stress on plasma lactate, glucose, and hematocrit levels were compared in the American bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana). The catecholamines were administered, and serial blood samples were collected, via a cannula placed in the truncus arteriosus. Plasma lactate was estimated by the lactate dehydrogenase method and glucose by the glucose oxidase method. Dose-dependent increases occurred in plasma lactate, glucose, and hematocrit levels after the infusion of 50 and 500 micrograms/kg body weight of epinephrine. Norepinephrine infusion resulted in dose-dependent increases in hematocrit levels, but plasma lactate and glucose levels were not increased significantly by 50 micrograms/kg body weight of norepinephrine. The infusion of 500 micrograms/kg body weight of norepinephrine caused a lactacidemia that was similar to that which occurred with the same dose of epinephrine, but the hyperglycemia was less. The plasma lactate increases after handling were similar to those that occurred after treatment with 500 micrograms/kg body weight of the catecholamines; however, the hematocrit elevations were less and the glucose levels were not increased significantly. In addition, the plasma lactate and hematocrit responses to handling were more rapid than those that occurred after the catecholamines. The results suggest that immediate physiological adjustments to a sudden threat are mediated in the bullfrog by direct nervous stimulation of the relevant organs. Catecholamines and corticoids secreted by the adrenal glands probably function synergistically and sequentially when a stress is more severe and/or more prolonged than the brief, gentle handling employed in this study.
比较了单次注射肾上腺素或去甲肾上腺素以及2分钟的处理应激对美国牛蛙（牛蛙）血浆乳酸、葡萄糖和血细胞比容水平的影响。通过置于动脉干的插管给予儿茶酚胺，并采集系列血样。血浆乳酸采用乳酸脱氢酶法估算，葡萄糖采用葡萄糖氧化酶法测定。注射50和500微克/千克体重的肾上腺素后，血浆乳酸、葡萄糖和血细胞比容水平呈剂量依赖性升高。注射去甲肾上腺素导致血细胞比容水平呈剂量依赖性升高，但50微克/千克体重的去甲肾上腺素未显著升高血浆乳酸和葡萄糖水平。注射500微克/千克体重的去甲肾上腺素引起的乳酸性血症与相同剂量肾上腺素引起的相似，但高血糖程度较轻。处理后血浆乳酸的升高与注射500微克/千克体重儿茶酚胺后相似；然而，血细胞比容升高幅度较小，葡萄糖水平未显著升高。此外，处理后血浆乳酸和血细胞比容的反应比儿茶酚胺注射后更快。结果表明，牛蛙对突然威胁的即时生理调节是通过对相关器官的直接神经刺激介导的。当应激比本研究中采用的短暂、温和处理更严重和/或更持久时，肾上腺分泌的儿茶酚胺和皮质激素可能协同并相继发挥作用。
