Curry N S, Ham F C, Schabel S I
Clin Radiol. 1983 Nov;34(6):701-5. doi: 10.1016/s0009-9260(83)80439-5.
The preliminary radiographs of 783 patients undergoing excretory urography were prospectively surveyed for the presence of abdominally located phleboliths. Two per cent demonstrated typical densities in a periureteral distribution flanking the lumbar spine where they could be confused with ureteral calculi. All these patients were multiparous females and three-quarters of them had pelvic masses (11% of all patients with pelvic masses), suggesting a possible association with gonadal vein thrombi. Altered venous flow with dilatation of ovarian veins, consequent valvular incompetence and stasis may account for the gonadal vein distribution in the pelvic mass cases. Other observed clinical conditions included hepatic disease, portal hypertension and varices. Obstruction and stasis of venous flow in hepatic disease states may lead to phlebolith formation in gastric and mesenteric varices. Unlike pelvic phleboliths, suprapelvic phleboliths are infrequent but may be detected by careful inspection of low kilovoltage films, particularly in the regions closely flanking the lumbar spine. Their presence may be associated with pelvic masses or significant chronic hepatic disease and they may be confused on plain film with ureteral calculi.
对783例行排泄性尿路造影患者的初步X线片进行前瞻性研究，以观察腹部静脉石的存在情况。2%的患者在腰椎两侧输尿管周围分布区域显示出典型密度影，这些密度影可能会与输尿管结石混淆。所有这些患者均为经产妇，其中四分之三有盆腔肿块（占所有盆腔肿块患者的11%），提示可能与性腺静脉血栓有关。卵巢静脉扩张导致静脉血流改变、瓣膜功能不全和血液淤滞，可能是盆腔肿块病例中性腺静脉分布的原因。其他观察到的临床情况包括肝脏疾病、门静脉高压和静脉曲张。肝脏疾病状态下静脉血流的阻塞和淤滞可能导致胃和肠系膜静脉曲张形成静脉石。与盆腔静脉石不同，盆腔以上静脉石较少见，但通过仔细观察低千伏片，尤其是在腰椎两侧紧密相邻区域，可能会检测到。它们的存在可能与盆腔肿块或严重慢性肝病有关，在平片上可能会与输尿管结石混淆。
