Gilani S H, Giovinazzo J J, Persaud T V
Exp Pathol. 1983;23(2):79-83. doi: 10.1016/s0232-1513(83)80044-9.
There is increasing concern about the potential teratogenic effects of caffeine. Laboratory rodents were widely used for the teratological evaluation of caffeine. However, few studies have been carried out in non-mammalian organisms. Caffeine, dissolved in sterile water, was injected into the air sacs of fertile White Leghorn chick eggs at doses of 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 700, 900, and 1,100 micrograms per egg. Control eggs were injected with an equivalent volume of sterile water (0.1 ml/egg). The embryos were treated at either 48, 72, or 96 hours incubation. On day 9, live embryos were recovered and examined for external malformations after staging and weighing. Treatment with 400 and 1,100 micrograms caffeine at 48 hours incubation resulted in a significantly high incidence of abnormal embryos, compared to the controls. The most common malformations included reduced body, microphthalmia, exencephaly, everted viscera and short neck. A significant number of embryos died following treatment with 1,100 micrograms caffeine at 48 hours incubation, and 400 and 700 micrograms at 72 hours incubation. Embryonic growth was not affected. Even though it is not possible to extrapolate these findings directly to humans, moderation in the consumption of caffeine-containing beverages during pregnancy is recommended.
人们越来越关注咖啡因的潜在致畸作用。实验室啮齿动物被广泛用于咖啡因的致畸学评估。然而，在非哺乳动物生物中进行的研究很少。将溶解于无菌水中的咖啡因以每枚鸡蛋100、200、300、400、500、700、900和1100微克的剂量注射到可育的白来航鸡鸡蛋的气囊中。对照鸡蛋注射等量的无菌水（0.1毫升/枚）。在孵化48、72或96小时时对胚胎进行处理。在第9天，取出存活的胚胎，在分级和称重后检查外部畸形情况。与对照组相比，在孵化48小时时用400和1100微克咖啡因处理导致异常胚胎的发生率显著升高。最常见的畸形包括身体变小、小眼畸形、无脑畸形、内脏外翻和颈部短小。在孵化48小时时用1100微克咖啡因处理，以及在孵化72小时时用400和700微克咖啡因处理后，大量胚胎死亡。胚胎生长未受影响。尽管不可能将这些发现直接外推至人类，但仍建议孕期适度饮用含咖啡因的饮料。
