Palmore E B, Fillenbaum G G, George L K
J Gerontol. 1984 Jan;39(1):109-16. doi: 10.1093/geronj/39.1.109.
Six longitudinal data sets were used to examine the consequences of retirement controlling for preretirement characteristics. Results show (a) about one-half to three-fourths of income differences between retired and working men was caused by retirement; (b) little, if any, of the health differences are caused by retirement; (c) there are few effects of retirement on social activity; and (d) there are few effects on attitudes such as life satisfaction and happiness. Early retirement, however, has stronger effects than retirement at normal ages. The results show that retirement has different effects depending on type of outcome and timing of retirement.
六个纵向数据集被用于研究退休对退休前特征进行控制后的影响。结果显示：（a）退休男性与在职男性之间约二分之一至四分之三的收入差异是由退休导致的；（b）健康差异即便有也是极少由退休造成的；（c）退休对社交活动几乎没有影响；以及（d）退休对诸如生活满意度和幸福感等态度几乎没有影响。然而，提前退休比正常年龄退休的影响更大。结果表明，退休的影响因结果类型和退休时间而异。
