Reed J R, Thomas W P
Am J Vet Res. 1984 Feb;45(2):301-7.
The hemodynamics of progressive pneumopericardium were studied in 6 anesthetized healthy dogs (with intact thorax). Heart rate, cardiac output, and pericardial and intravascular pressures were recorded. Pressures were measured in the pericardial space by means of a percutaneously introduced, air-filled catheter, and in the right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle, pulmonary artery, and aorta by means of fluid-filled catheters. The gradual increase in mean pericardial pressure up to 11 +/- 2 mm of Hg was associated with increases in heart rate and mean right atrial, mean left atrial, right ventricular end-diastolic, and left ventricular end-diastolic pressures and with decreases in cardiac output and stroke volume, with no change in left ventricular systolic and mean aortic pressures. Critical cardiac tamponade occurred at a pericardial pressure of 12.2 +/- 2.8 mm of Hg, which was produced by 8.7 +/- 1.9 cm3 air/kg of body weight. This was characterized by a sudden marked decrease in heart rate, cardiac output, stroke volume, left ventricular systolic pressure, and mean aortic pressure, and equilibration of mean right atrial, mean left atrial, right ventricular end-diastolic, left ventricular end-diastolic, and pulmonary artery diastolic pressures. These hemodynamic changes were similar to those of experimental pericardial effusion.
对6只麻醉状态下的健康犬（胸廓完整）进行了进行性心包积气血流动力学研究。记录心率、心输出量以及心包和血管内压力。通过经皮插入的充气导管测量心包腔内压力，通过充液导管测量右心房、右心室、左心房、左心室、肺动脉和主动脉内压力。平均心包压力逐渐升高至11±2 mmHg与心率增加以及平均右心房、平均左心房、右心室舒张末期和左心室舒张末期压力增加相关，同时心输出量和每搏量减少，左心室收缩压和平均主动脉压无变化。心包压力为12.2±2.8 mmHg时发生心脏压塞危象，此时每千克体重注入8.7±1.9 cm³空气。其特征为心率、心输出量、每搏量、左心室收缩压和平均主动脉压突然显著下降，平均右心房、平均左心房、右心室舒张末期、左心室舒张末期和肺动脉舒张压达到平衡。这些血流动力学变化与实验性心包积液相似。
