Kail R, Nippold M A
Child Dev. 1984 Jun;55(3):944-51.
The present study was designed to examine developmental change in the processes used to retrieve lexical information from semantic memory. We asked 8-, 12-, and 21-year-olds to name as many animals and pieces of furniture as they could, in separate 7-min intervals. The principal results were the following: (1) the number of items retrieved increased with age, but at all ages retrieval declined hyperbolically over the 7-min interval; (2) analysis of the time between retrieval of successive items indicated that older individuals retrieved larger clusters of items, but that the number of clusters retrieved did not vary with age; and (3) at all ages prototypic category members were retrieved first, followed by typical (but not prototypic) and atypical category members. The results are explained in terms of a model in which the information in semantic memory changes with age, but the processes used to retrieve that information do not.
本研究旨在考察从语义记忆中检索词汇信息所使用的过程中的发展变化。我们让8岁、12岁和21岁的儿童在单独的7分钟时间段内尽可能多地说出动物和家具的名称。主要结果如下：（1）检索到的项目数量随年龄增长而增加，但在所有年龄段，检索在7分钟时间段内呈双曲线下降；（2）对连续项目检索之间的时间分析表明，年龄较大的个体检索到的项目簇更大，但检索到的簇的数量并不随年龄变化；（3）在所有年龄段，首先检索到的是原型类别成员，其次是典型（但非原型）和非典型类别成员。这些结果是根据一个模型来解释的，在这个模型中，语义记忆中的信息随年龄变化，但用于检索该信息的过程不变。
