Wormith J S
J Clin Psychol. 1984 May;40(3):815-26. doi: 10.1002/1097-4679(198405)40:3<815::aid-jclp2270400332>3.0.co;2-g.
Administered the proxemic test (Kinzel, 1970) and a psychometric test battery to 49 incarcerated offenders on two occasions. Offenders also were rated by staff on their interpersonal behavior, and a 3-year follow-up was undertaken to assess recidivism. Immediate test-retest reliabilities were extremely high in all four directions (.93 to .97), but lower over a 10-week period (.65 to .89). The Behind distance was largest on both occasions. There were no changes in the four distance measures over time. An algebraic formula was devised to calculate Personal Space Area. Age was related inversely to offender's Personal Space (r = -.32, p less than .03). Personality measures, observation ratings, and follow-up outcome data were related inconsistently to Personal Space Area, although there was some indication that offenders with a large personal space were less empathic, less socialized, less accepting of others, received poor evaluations, and were more likely to recidivate. The utility of personal space in the assessment of offenders is discussed.
对49名被监禁的罪犯进行了两次空间关系测试（金泽尔，1970年）和一系列心理测量测试。工作人员还对罪犯的人际行为进行了评分，并进行了为期3年的随访以评估再犯情况。在所有四个方向上，即时重测信度都极高（0.93至0.97），但在10周期间较低（0.65至0.89）。两次测试中，背后距离都是最大的。随着时间的推移，四个距离测量值没有变化。设计了一个代数公式来计算个人空间面积。年龄与罪犯的个人空间呈负相关（r = -0.32，p小于0.03）。人格测量、观察评分和随访结果数据与个人空间面积的关系并不一致，尽管有一些迹象表明个人空间大的罪犯同理心较弱、社交能力较差、对他人的接受度较低、评价较差，且更有可能再次犯罪。本文讨论了个人空间在罪犯评估中的效用。
