Medin D L, Reynolds T J, Parkinson J K
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process. 1980 Apr;6(2):112-25.
Four experiments examined the effects of similarity between the sample and an interpolated stimulus in a modified delayed-matching-to-sample (DMTS) paradigm. The basis trial sequence was as follows: (a) a sample was presented, and the response to it was either rewarded or nonrewarded, (b) an interpolated stimulus was presented, and the response to it was either rewarded or nonrewarded, and (c) after a delay interval a choice test was given between the initial sample and a new stimulus, with the sample being correct if it had been initially rewarded and incorrect if it had been initially nonrewarded. When the sample and the interpolated stimulus were associated with opposite outcomes (sample rewarded, interpolated stimulus not rewarded or sample not rewarded, interpolated stimulus rewarded), retroactive interference was observed to increase as the similarity of the two stimuli increased. When the two stimuli were either both rewarded or both nonrewarded, retroactive facilitation was observed so long as the sample and interpolated stimuli were similar along either the relevant or an irrelevant dimension. Finally, test probes involving the interpolated stimulus and a new stimulus revealed asymmetrical interactions such that the interpolated stimulus influenced performance on the initial stimulus more than the initial stimulus altered performance on the interpolated stimulus. Taken as a whole, the results are inconsistent with the idea that alternative stimuli are encoded independently of each other. At best, independence may hold only for cases in which the stimuli are not similar to each other.
四项实验在一种改良的延迟匹配样本（DMTS）范式中检验了样本与插入刺激之间的相似性所产生的影响。基本试验序列如下：（a）呈现一个样本，对其做出的反应要么得到奖励，要么未得到奖励；（b）呈现一个插入刺激，对其做出的反应要么得到奖励，要么未得到奖励；（c）在延迟间隔后，在初始样本和一个新刺激之间进行选择测试，如果样本最初得到奖励则为正确，如果最初未得到奖励则为错误。当样本和插入刺激与相反结果相关联时（样本得到奖励，插入刺激未得到奖励或样本未得到奖励，插入刺激得到奖励），随着两种刺激相似性的增加，观察到倒摄干扰增加。当两种刺激要么都得到奖励，要么都未得到奖励时，只要样本和插入刺激在相关或不相关维度上相似，就会观察到倒摄促进。最后，涉及插入刺激和新刺激的测试探针显示出不对称的相互作用，即插入刺激对初始刺激表现的影响大于初始刺激对插入刺激表现的改变。总体而言，这些结果与替代刺激彼此独立编码的观点不一致。充其量，独立性可能仅适用于刺激彼此不相似的情况。
