Nilan R A, Rosichan J L, Arenaz P, Hodgdon A L, Kleinhofs A
Environ Health Perspect. 1981 Jan;37:19-25. doi: 10.1289/ehp.813719.
To utilize and exploit pollen for in situ mutagen monitoring, screening and toxicology, the range of genetic traits in pollen must be identified and analyzed. Traits that can be considered include ornamentation, shape and form, male sterility viability, intraspecific incompatibility, proteins and starch deposition. To be useful for the development of mutagen detection systems proteins should be: (1) activity stainable or immunologically identifiable in the pollen, (2) the products of one to three loci, and (3) gametophytic and nuclear in origin. Several proteins including alcohol dehydrogenase in maize, which meet those criteria will be discussed. The waxy locus in barley and maize which controls starch deposition has been characterized genetically and methods have been developed for pollen screening and mutant detection. At Washington State University a waxy pollen system is being developed in barley for in situ mutagen monitoring. The basis is an improved method for staining and scoring waxy pollen mutants. Specific base substitution, frameshift, and deletion mutant lines are being developed to provide information about the nature of the mutations induced by environmental mutagens. Thirty waxy mutant lines, induced by sodium azide and gamma-rays have been selected and are being characterized for spontaneous and induced reversion frequencies, allelism, karyotype, amylose content, and UDP glucose glucosyltransferase (waxy gene product) activity. Twelve mutant alleles are being mapped by recombinant frequencies.
为了利用花粉进行原位诱变监测、筛选和毒理学研究，必须识别和分析花粉中的一系列遗传性状。可考虑的性状包括纹饰、形状和形态、雄性不育活力、种内不亲和性、蛋白质和淀粉沉积。为了对诱变检测系统的开发有用，蛋白质应具备以下条件：（1）在花粉中可通过活性染色或免疫鉴定；（2）由一至三个基因座的产物；（3）起源于配子体和细胞核。将讨论几种符合这些标准的蛋白质，包括玉米中的乙醇脱氢酶。大麦和玉米中控制淀粉沉积的蜡质基因座已进行了遗传表征，并开发了花粉筛选和突变体检测方法。在华盛顿州立大学，正在大麦中开发一种蜡质花粉系统用于原位诱变监测。其基础是一种改进的蜡质花粉突变体染色和评分方法。正在开发特定的碱基替换、移码和缺失突变体系，以提供有关环境诱变剂诱导突变性质的信息。已经选择了由叠氮化钠和γ射线诱导的30个蜡质突变体系，并对其自发和诱导回复频率、等位性、核型、直链淀粉含量和UDP葡萄糖糖基转移酶（蜡质基因产物）活性进行表征。正在通过重组频率对12个突变等位基因进行定位。
