Yolken R H
Rev Infect Dis. 1982 Jan-Feb;4(1):35-68. doi: 10.1093/clinids/4.1.35.
Enzyme immunoassays are attaining increased usage for the direct detection of microbial antigens in body fluids. Advantages of enzyme immunoassays include a high degree of sensitivity resulting from the inherent magnification of the enzyme-substrate reaction and the use of objective end points without the need for radioactivity. Enzyme immunoassays have been developed for the reliable detection of several important microbial antigens in body fluids, including antigens of rotavirus, hepatitis B virus, and Haemophilus influenzae type b. However, standard enzyme immunoassay techniques are not sufficiently sensitive for the measurement of some antigens from other viruses, bacteria, and parasites in concentrations that commonly occur in body fluids during the course of infectious diseases. This review examines some of the limitations of currently available enzyme immunoassay technology and discusses approaches to increasing the sensitivity and specificity of enzyme immunoassay systems. Methods for improving these assay systems include the use of monoclonal antibodies, improved methods of enzyme-immunoreactant conjugation, more sensitive substrate systems, improved methods of antigen-antibody access, and the direct measurement of microbial enzymes. The use of such techniques should lead to the development of efficient enzyme immunoassay systems for the direct detection of a wide range of bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections.
酶免疫测定法在直接检测体液中的微生物抗原方面的应用日益增多。酶免疫测定法的优点包括：酶 - 底物反应固有的放大作用以及使用无需放射性的客观终点所带来的高度敏感性。已经开发出酶免疫测定法用于可靠检测体液中的几种重要微生物抗原，包括轮状病毒、乙型肝炎病毒和b型流感嗜血杆菌的抗原。然而，标准酶免疫测定技术对于测量在传染病过程中体液中常见浓度的其他病毒、细菌和寄生虫的某些抗原而言，灵敏度不够。本综述探讨了当前可用酶免疫测定技术的一些局限性，并讨论了提高酶免疫测定系统灵敏度和特异性的方法。改进这些测定系统的方法包括使用单克隆抗体、改进酶 - 免疫反应物偶联方法、更灵敏的底物系统、改进抗原 - 抗体结合方法以及直接测量微生物酶。使用这些技术应能开发出高效的酶免疫测定系统，用于直接检测多种细菌、病毒和寄生虫感染。
