Piiper J, Scheid P
J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol. 1982 Dec;53(6):1321-9. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1982.53.6.1321.
The analysis of external gas exchange in the various respiratory organs of vertebrates is based on models with gas transport properties determined by ventilatory, diffusive, and perfusive conductances and by the geometric arrangement of medium and blood flows. The following factors are examined: water vs. air as external medium; gas transport properties of blood; diffusive gas transfer between medium and blood; problems in assessing diffusion limitation in fish gills, amphibian skin, avian lungs, and mammalian lungs. Finally the limitations to the analysis imposed by various physiological and anatomical complexities are discussed.
对脊椎动物各种呼吸器官中外部气体交换的分析基于一些模型，这些模型的气体传输特性由通气、扩散和灌注传导以及介质和血流的几何排列所决定。研究了以下因素：作为外部介质的水与空气；血液的气体传输特性；介质与血液之间的扩散性气体交换；评估鱼类鳃、两栖动物皮肤、鸟类肺和哺乳动物肺中扩散限制的问题。最后讨论了各种生理和解剖复杂性对分析造成的限制。
