Duckworth T
Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1983 Jul-Aug(177):39-48.
The movements occurring at the various joints of the foot are complex, and since deformities can arise at each joint, classification of the deformities of the foot can be confusing. The position of the hindfoot can be conveniently described using the relationship of the long axis of the calcaneus to the long axis of the tibia. The position of the forefoot can then be related to that of the hindfoot. Rotation of the forefoot occurs as a result of relative movements of the talus and calcaneus and is a noticeable feature of the valgus or flat foot. Various types of valgus foot are recognized, e.g., calcaneovalgus, equinovalgus or "vertical talus," and so-called "postural" valgus. A variation is described in which the hindfoot is valgus by definition, when the patient is standing, but in which after correction the talus moves into an abnormally horizontal position relative to the calcaneus and the forefoot assumes a position of marked supination, almost appearing to stand on its lateral edge. This deformity has been observed in paralytic conditions and also in an idiopathic form. It may be correctable if detected early but if allowed to progress may result in a persistent deformity, producing discomfort and excessive shoe wear. In the late stage correction of the hindfoot may, if the rotational component is not recognized, result in an unacceptable forefoot position.
足部各个关节处发生的运动很复杂，而且由于每个关节都可能出现畸形，足部畸形的分类可能会让人困惑。通过跟骨长轴与胫骨长轴的关系，可以方便地描述后足的位置。然后，前足的位置可以与后足的位置相关联。前足的旋转是距骨和跟骨相对运动的结果，是外翻足或扁平足的一个显著特征。人们认识到多种类型的外翻足，例如跟骨外翻、马蹄外翻或“垂直距骨”，以及所谓的“姿势性”外翻。有一种变异情况被描述，即从定义上讲，患者站立时后足是外翻的，但在矫正后，距骨相对于跟骨移动到异常水平的位置，前足呈现明显的内旋位置，几乎像是靠其外侧边缘站立。这种畸形在麻痹性疾病中以及特发性形式中都有观察到。如果早期发现，它可能是可矫正的，但如果任其发展，可能会导致持续性畸形，引起不适和鞋子过度磨损。在后期，如果没有认识到旋转成分，后足的矫正可能会导致前足位置不可接受。
