Calev A, Venables P H, Monk A F
Schizophr Bull. 1983;9(2):247-64. doi: 10.1093/schbul/9.2.247.
It is well known that schizophrenics have difficulty in effectively encoding verbal materials into their long-term memories and consequently show a deficit in recall. Recently, orienting tasks were introduced as a method for achieving equivalent to normal encoding and mnemonic organization in schizophrenics; consequently, their deficit in recall disappeared. A detailed review of the literature, however, showed that such effective orienting tasks had only been applied to mildly disturbed schizophrenics (nonchronic, in a good condition). This report presents three experiments which show that more severely disturbed (chronic, hospitalized) schizophrenics, unlike mildly disturbed patients, have memory deficits that cannot be located at the encoding stage. Severely disturbed schizophrenics show (1) a recall deficit, even after effective encoding and mnemonic organization are induced; (2) excessive forgetting over 24- and 48-hour periods; and (3) a recognition memory deficit. These deficits are in addition to their encoding deficit. The use of a matched-tasks check in experiments 2 and 3 suggests that this postencoding deficit is a differential deficit and does not is a differential deficit and does not simply reflect the schizophrenic generalized deficit. Theoretical implications, also supported by the use of various organizational indices (e.g., clustering, hierarchical clustering schemes, and hierarchical grouping analysis), are discussed.
众所周知，精神分裂症患者在将言语材料有效编码到长期记忆中存在困难，因此在回忆方面表现出缺陷。最近，定向任务被引入作为一种使精神分裂症患者实现等同于正常编码和记忆组织的方法；结果，他们的回忆缺陷消失了。然而，对文献的详细回顾表明，这种有效的定向任务仅应用于轻度精神障碍的精神分裂症患者（非慢性，状况良好）。本报告呈现了三项实验，这些实验表明，与轻度精神障碍患者不同，更严重精神障碍（慢性，住院）的精神分裂症患者存在无法定位在编码阶段的记忆缺陷。严重精神障碍的精神分裂症患者表现出：（1）即使在诱导了有效的编码和记忆组织之后仍存在回忆缺陷；（2）在24小时和48小时期间过度遗忘；（3）再认记忆缺陷。这些缺陷是除了他们的编码缺陷之外的。在实验2和实验3中使用匹配任务检查表明，这种编码后缺陷是一种差异缺陷，并非仅仅反映精神分裂症患者的普遍缺陷。还讨论了由各种组织指标（例如聚类、层次聚类方案和层次分组分析）的使用所支持的理论意义。
