Hemodilution anesthesia: a valuable aid to major cancer surgery in children.

Since 1974, 25 children had 27 major cancer operations with the aid of hemodilution anesthesia. This includes operations for Wilms' tumors, liver tumors, adrenal tumors, pancreatic tumors, ovarian tumors, and resection of metastatic thoracoabdominal tumors. With the use of this method, operative blood loss has been greatly reduced and operative technique improved. At the beginning of surgery, whole blood is removed from the patient and replaced with three times the volume of a balanced electrolyte solution to maintain intravascular volume. After the time of significant blood loss has ceased, the patient's own blood is returned and diuresis stimulated with furosimide to remove the infused electrolyte solution. Hypothermia, allowing the temperature to drift down to just below 32 degrees C, helps protect vital organs against hypoxia and arterial hypotension to a mean of 50 torr systolic pressure is well tolerated and further reduces blood loss. Adequate tissue oxygenation can be maintained safely during hemodilution to a hematocrit value of 14 percent. Use of bank blood transfusion was necessary in only 6 of 25 patients. It was given when the calculated postoperative hematocrit value would be less than 30 percent. The diluted blood lost during surgery has a low red blood cell volume per milliliter and each milliliter lost depletes the total red blood cell volume by a lesser amount. Also, the ease and speed of surgery may be facilitated by the nearly bloodless operative field. Provided respiratory support is maintained, these children showed only minor clinical effects from this large fluid infusion. The majority of patients who are Jehovah's Witnesses accept this technique with the modification that we keep the blood moving and in direct contact with the patient's vascular system. Carefully planned and meticulously applied short-term hemodilution anesthesia provides a safe method for minimizing operative blood loss and reduces the difficulty of major cancer surgery in children.