Morax S, Pascal D, Barraco P
J Fr Ophtalmol. 1983;6(3):295-310.
Craniofacial malformations (telorbitism, craniofaciostenosis, plagiocephalia, Franceschetti's syndrome) are frequently associated with oculomotor anomalies. The most common vertical anomaly is the existence of a "V" syndrome with double "up shoot", with deficiencies in the two superior oblique muscles. Several mechanisms may be involved in the origin of this anomaly, related to the anatomical orbital malformation: orbital torsion with antimongoloid clefts responsible for a syndrome of macular pseudo-ectopia with extorsion of the 4 rectus muscles; plagiocephalia responsible for sagitallization of the inferior obliques; retromaxillia with exorbitism responsible for modification of muscle contact arches. Muscle agenesis is very rarely observed. The pathogenesis of these different mechanisms is discussed based on a study of 64 cases.
颅面畸形（眶距增宽症、颅面骨狭窄症、斜头畸形、Franceschetti综合征）常与眼球运动异常相关。最常见的垂直异常是存在伴有双“上射”的“V”综合征，伴有两条上斜肌功能缺陷。这种异常的起源可能涉及多种机制，与眼眶解剖畸形有关：眼眶扭转伴反蒙古样裂隙导致黄斑假性异位综合征伴四条直肌外旋；斜头畸形导致下斜肌矢状化；上颌后缩伴眼球突出导致肌肉接触弓改变。肌肉发育不全很少见。基于对64例病例的研究，讨论了这些不同机制的发病机制。
