Trophism between C-type axon terminals and thoracic motoneurones in the cat.

1. Quantitative ultrastructural examinations of axon terminals synapsing with normal alpha-motoneurones in segment T9 of cat spinal cord provided estimates of their numbers, sizes and synaptic structure. One synapse, the C type, derived from short-axon propriospinal segmental interneurones, was studied in detail.2. The numbers, sizes and post-synaptic structure of normal C-type synapses at T9 were compared with similar estimates from material provided by cats subjected to partial central deafferentation by double spinal hemisection at T5 and T10 between 7 days and 2 years previously.3. The proportion of C-type synapses present progessively increased from 1% in normal cats to 8.8% 200 days following hemisection, and had still attained a level of 3.1% by 2 years; these increases imply that the absolute number of C-type synapses underwent increase.4. Mean sizes of C-type synapses increased from 4.0 mum (normal) to 5.8 mum (200 days) and retained their enlarged sizes up to 2 years (5.9 mum). Furthermore, while 84% of C-type synapses were under 6 mum in length in normal motoneurones, 48% were over 6 mum long 200 days post-operatively.5. The unique post-synaptic structure of C-type synapses also proliferated following partial central deafferentation of the motoneurones. The elongated cistern, increased numbers and individual lengths of lamellae of the associated underlying rough endoplasmic reticulum indicated a trophic interaction between the presynaptic C terminal and its post-synaptic motoneurone.6. Counts of ribosomes ;bound' to lamellae of the subsynaptic rough endoplasmic reticulum, and of the lamellae-associated polyribosomes interposed between individual lamellae for normal and 200 day post-operative C-type synapses indicated an over-all post-operative increase in capacity for local subsynaptic protein synthesis topographically directed towards this type of axon terminal.7. The observed greater increase in frequency of ribosomes ;bound' to the rough endoplasmic reticulum, together with an over-all proliferation of this structure, specificially indicated an increased capacity for synthesis of protein for utilization in sites remote from those of synthesis (e.g. a trans-synaptic passage of protein).8. A hypothesis is advanced on the basis of the above results relating both pre- and post-synaptic changes in structure to an increased functional activation of the segmental short-axon propriospinal interneurones forming the C-type synapses, as a compensatory response to partial central deafferentation of spinal motoneurones.