[The corneal endothelium--morphology, function and clinical importance].

The corneal endothelium consists of a single layer of flat, hexagonal cells covering the posterior surface of the cornea. It has prominent functions in the maintenance of corneal integrity and transparency. These cells produce Descemet's membrane, dehydrate the corneal stroma, have a barrier function against the aqueous humour and possess active glucose transport mechanisms. Cell density, as well as variation in size and morphology, can be examined by specular microscopy. Pump function and permeability are determined by pachymetry and fluorophotometry. These methods permit early diagnosis of any damage of the corneal endothelium.