Farman A G, Shawkat A H
J Dent Educ. 1981 Sep;45(9):581-4.
A survey of dental schools revealed little standardization of student requirements for dental radiography in the United States. Preclinical laboratories for intraoral radiography were given by 46 schools (87 percent), but such laboratories for panoramic radiography were given by only 11 (21 percent). The majority of schools had requirements for clinical intraoral radiography based upon either clock hours or numbers of full mouth radiographic surveys. However, only 40 percent had clinical requirements for extra-oral techniques (including panoramic dental radiographs). For intraoral radiography, most emphasis was placed on the paralleling technique. There was a high degree of variability as to what constituted a full radiographic survey, and this has implications concerning the total amount of radiation to which a patient may be exposed.
一项对牙科学院的调查显示，美国牙科放射成像专业学生的要求几乎没有标准化。46所学校（87%）开设了口腔内放射成像的临床前实验室，但只有11所学校（21%）开设了全景放射成像的此类实验室。大多数学校根据学时或全口放射成像检查的数量对临床口腔内放射成像提出了要求。然而，只有40%的学校对口腔外技术（包括全景牙科X光片）有临床要求。对于口腔内放射成像，大多数重点放在平行投照技术上。对于什么构成一次完整的放射成像检查，存在很大差异，这对患者可能接受的总辐射量有影响。
