Lundberg J M, Anggård A, Emson P, Fahrenkrug J, Hökfelt T
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1981 Aug;78(8):5255-9. doi: 10.1073/pnas.78.8.5255.
Quantitative immunohistochemical analysis of the sphenopalatine ganglion in normal cats revealed that virtually all ganglion cells (98.5%) were immunoreactive to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). After surgical removal of this ganglion, the content of both VIP and choline acetyltransferase (acetyl-CoA:choline O-acetyltransferase, EC 2.3.1.6), a specific marker for cholinergic neurons, was decreased to about 70-80% in the nasal mucosa. In contrast, in animals subjected to sympathectomy combined with sensory (trigeminal) denervation, no significant change in VIP or choline acetyltransferase was found in the nasal mucosa. The present findings strongly suggest that a large proportion of the VIP neurons in the sphenopalatine ganglion contain choline acetyltransferase. This further supports the view that VIP is present in a population of autonomic cholinergic neurons innervating exocrine glands in the cat. In contrast, the ciliary ganglion contained high levels of choline acetyltransferase but no VIP. Parasympathetic nerve stimulation (15 Hz) caused a maximal vasodilation and a 500-fold increase in VIP output from the nasal mucosa. The plasma VIP immunoreactivity eluted at the same position as porcine VIP on gel permeation chromatography. Atropine pretreatment, which is known to abolish nasal secretion, caused a further 3-fold increase in VIP output during the nerve stimulation (15 Hz). Simultaneously, a markedly prolonged duration of the vasodilatory response was observed. The increased output of VIP during parasympathetic nerve stimulation by atropine pretreatment suggests that the transmitter acetylcholine may inhibit the release of the coexisting peptide--i.e., VIP--via muscarinic autoreceptors.
对正常猫的蝶腭神经节进行定量免疫组化分析发现，几乎所有神经节细胞（98.5%）对血管活性肠肽（VIP）呈免疫反应性。手术切除该神经节后，鼻腔黏膜中VIP和胆碱乙酰转移酶（乙酰辅酶A：胆碱O - 乙酰转移酶，EC 2.3.1.6，胆碱能神经元的特异性标志物）的含量均降至约70 - 80%。相比之下，在接受交感神经切除术联合感觉（三叉神经）去神经支配的动物中，鼻腔黏膜中VIP或胆碱乙酰转移酶未发现明显变化。目前的研究结果强烈表明，蝶腭神经节中很大一部分VIP神经元含有胆碱乙酰转移酶。这进一步支持了VIP存在于支配猫外分泌腺的自主胆碱能神经元群体中的观点。相比之下，睫状神经节含有高水平的胆碱乙酰转移酶但不含VIP。副交感神经刺激（15 Hz）引起最大血管舒张，鼻腔黏膜VIP释放量增加500倍。血浆VIP免疫反应性在凝胶渗透色谱上与猪VIP在相同位置洗脱。已知能消除鼻分泌的阿托品预处理在神经刺激（15 Hz）期间使VIP释放量进一步增加3倍。同时，观察到血管舒张反应的持续时间明显延长。阿托品预处理在副交感神经刺激期间VIP释放量增加表明，递质乙酰胆碱可能通过毒蕈碱自身受体抑制共存肽即VIP的释放。
