Klingel H
J Reprod Fertil Suppl. 1982;32:89-95.
The basic social unit in feral horses is the family group consisting of one stallion, one to a few unrelated mares and their foals. Surplus stallions associate in bachelor groups. Stallions are instrumental in bringing mares together in a unit which then persists even without a stallion. The similarity of social organization in populations living in a variety of different habitats indicates that feral horses have reverted to the habits of their wild ancestors, and that domestication has had no influence on this basic behavioural feature.
野马的基本社会单位是家庭群体，由一匹成年雄马、一到几匹无血缘关系的成年雌马及其幼驹组成。多余的成年雄马会结成单身群体。成年雄马有助于将成年雌马聚集在一起形成一个群体，即使没有成年雄马，这个群体也会持续存在。生活在各种不同栖息地的种群社会组织的相似性表明，野马已经恢复了其野生祖先的习性，而且驯化对这种基本行为特征没有影响。
