Feist J D, McCullough D R
Z Tierpsychol. 1976 Aug;41(4):337-71. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.1976.tb00947.x.
The social behavior of feral horses was studied in the western United States. Stable harem groups with a dominant stallion and bachelor hermaphrodite hermaphrodite groups occupied overlapping home ranges. Groups spacing, but not territoriality, was expressed. Harem group, stability resulted from strong dominance by dominant stallions, and fidelity of group members. Eliminations of group members were usually marked by urine of the dominant stallion. Hermaphrodite-hermaphrodite aggression involved spacing between harems and dominance in bachelor groups. Marking with feces was important in hermaphrodite-hermaphrodite interactions. Foaling occurred in May and early June, following the post-partum estrous. All breeding was done by harem stallions. Young were commonly nursed through yearling age. These horses showed social organizations similar to other feral horses and plains zebras.
在美国西部对野马的社会行为进行了研究。稳定的妻妾群由一匹占主导地位的种马和单身雌雄同体群组成，它们占据着重叠的家园范围。表现出了群体间距，但没有领地意识。妻妾群的稳定源于占主导地位的种马的强烈支配以及群体成员的忠诚。群体成员的淘汰通常以占主导地位的种马的尿液为标志。雌雄同体之间的攻击涉及妻妾群之间的间距以及单身群体中的支配地位。用粪便标记在雌雄同体之间的互动中很重要。产驹发生在五月和六月初，产后发情之后。所有繁殖均由妻妾群中的种马完成。幼驹通常在一岁前都由母马哺乳。这些马表现出与其他野马和平原斑马相似的社会组织。
