Pohl H
Int J Chronobiol. 1978;5(4):493-517.
Re-entrainment of circadian activity of 3 avian species (Fringillidae: Fringilla coelebs, Carduelis chloris, Pyrrhula pyrrhula) and 4 mammalian species (Rodentia: Eutamias sibiricus, Funambulus pennanti, Glis glis, Mesocricetus auratus), subjected to 12:12 h light-dark (LD) cycles as zeitgeber, was studied after shifting the LD cycle by different amounts (hours) and in different directions (advances and delays). The properties of the zeitgeber were changed by varying light intensity during dark-time (ID) and/or light-time (IL). After 6 and 9-h advance and delay shifts of the LD cycle, the 3 species of finches similarly re-entrained their activity rhythms in the direction of the shifted zeitgeber. After 10.5 and 12-h shifts, the majority of individuals re-entrained by delay phase shifts of the rhythms. After two successive 6-h advance or delay shifts (resulting in inversion of the LD cycle) most finches responded by advances. Generally, the time needed for re-entrainment of 2/3 of the full shift (2/3 tr) in finches dependend on: (a) the direction of the phase shift ('asymmetry effect'), and (b) the phase-angle difference between onset of activity and light-on (psio) before the shift. After 12-h shifts, species-specific differences in the direction of re-entrainment and in the slope of the relationship between 2/3 tr and psio were found. In two rodents, the nocturnal golden hamster and the diurnal Siberian chipmunk, the direction of re-entrainment following inversion of the LD cycle depended on psio. In both species, 2/3 tr after inversion of the zeitgeber was significantly longer than in the common dormouse. In chipmunks, changes in 2/3 tr were correlated with changes in psio due to systematic variation of the zeitgeber properties (range and/or mean level). After 6-h phase shifts, the 'asymmetry effect' was opposite in the two nocturnal rodents, the hamster and the dormouse. It is suggested that the time course (direction and rate) of re-entrainment was influenced by differences in the characteristics of the circadian systems and their responses ('sensitivity') to light changes in the various species of birds and mammals.
研究了3种鸟类（雀科：苍头燕雀、绿雀、灰雀）和4种哺乳动物（啮齿目：西伯利亚花栗鼠、笔尾松鼠、大睡鼠、金黄地鼠）在以12:12小时明暗（LD）循环作为授时因子的条件下，在不同程度（小时数）和不同方向（提前和延迟）改变LD循环后，其昼夜活动的重新同步情况。通过在暗期（ID）和/或光期（IL）改变光照强度来改变授时因子的特性。在LD循环提前和延迟6小时及9小时后，3种雀类同样朝着移动后的授时因子方向重新同步其活动节律。在提前和延迟10.5小时及12小时后，大多数个体通过节律的延迟相移重新同步。在连续两次提前或延迟6小时的相移（导致LD循环反转）后，大多数雀类通过提前做出反应。一般来说，雀类重新同步到全相移的2/3所需的时间（2/3 tr）取决于：（a）相移的方向（“不对称效应”），以及（b）相移前活动开始与光照开启之间的相角差（psio）。在12小时相移后，发现了重新同步方向以及2/3 tr与psio之间关系斜率的种间差异。在两种啮齿动物中，夜行性的金黄地鼠和日行性的西伯利亚花栗鼠，LD循环反转后的重新同步方向取决于psio。在这两个物种中，授时因子反转后的2/3 tr明显长于普通睡鼠。在花栗鼠中，由于授时因子特性（范围和/或平均水平）的系统变化，2/3 tr的变化与psio的变化相关。在提前和延迟6小时的相移后，两种夜行性啮齿动物，即仓鼠和睡鼠的“不对称效应”相反。有人认为，重新同步的时间进程（方向和速率）受昼夜节律系统特征及其对各种鸟类和哺乳动物光照变化的反应（“敏感性”）差异的影响。
