Bing R K
Am J Occup Ther. 1981 Aug;35(8):499-518. doi: 10.5014/ajot.35.8.499.
Occupational Therapy's roots are in the subsoil of the moral movement developed in Europe during the Age of Enlightenment. Philippe Pinel, a French philosopher-physician, and William Tuke, an English merchant-philanthropist, developed the principles and applied them to the insane in institutions. Moral treatment came to the United States as part of the Quaker's religious and intellectual luggage. It expanded rapidly in private, as well as in public, institutions for the insane. During the last quarter of the 19th century moral treatment disappeared. It re-emerged in the early decades of the 20th century as Occupational Therapy. A diverse group of women and men developed principles and definitions and founded an organization to support the practice of the re-titled moral treatment and management. Susan Tracy, a nurse; George Barton, an architect; William Rush Dunton, Jr., a physician; Eleanor Clarke Slagle, a partially trained social worker also trained in invalid occupations; and Adolf Meyer, another physician, figure prominently in the development of this century's Occupational Therapy. A second generation of occupational therapists elaborated upon, codified, and applied the founders' principles. Their efforts through one individual: Beatrice D. Wade, OTR, FAOTA. Lessons from 200 years of development of moral treatment and occupational therapy are cited.
职业疗法的根源可追溯到启蒙运动时期在欧洲发展起来的道德运动的深层土壤。法国哲学家兼医生菲利普·皮内尔和英国商人兼慈善家威廉·图克提出了这些原则，并将其应用于收容所中的精神病患者。道德治疗作为贵格会宗教和知识体系的一部分传入美国。它在私立和公立精神病院迅速发展。在19世纪的最后25年里，道德治疗消失了。它在20世纪初几十年以职业疗法的形式重新出现。一群不同的男女提出了原则和定义，并成立了一个组织来支持重新命名的道德治疗和管理实践。护士苏珊·特雷西、建筑师乔治·巴顿、医生小威廉·拉什·邓顿、部分接受过社会工作培训且也接受过伤残职业培训的埃莉诺·克拉克·斯莱格尔以及另一位医生阿道夫·迈耶在本世纪职业疗法的发展中发挥了重要作用。第二代职业治疗师对创始人的原则进行了阐述、编纂和应用。他们的努力通过一个人得以体现：贝阿特丽斯·D·韦德，职业治疗师，美国职业治疗协会会员。文中引用了道德治疗和职业疗法200年发展历程中的经验教训。
