Carlsson G E
Int Dent J. 1981 Sep;31(3):198-201.
Psychological factors play a significant role in the aetiology of functional disorders of the masticatory system but the pain-dysfunction symptoms can mostly be explained with musculoskeletal tissue changes. In the jaw muscles inflammatory responses are frequently caused by muscular hyperactivity. The temporomandibular joint may be affected by many diseases of which osteoarthrosis is probably the most common. A pathologic process in the temporomandibular joint proper is often a cause of pain and dysfunction of the masticatory system, and this may be true even without radiographic evidence of structural changes.
心理因素在咀嚼系统功能紊乱的病因中起着重要作用，但疼痛-功能障碍症状大多可以用肌肉骨骼组织变化来解释。在颌骨肌肉中，炎症反应常由肌肉活动过度引起。颞下颌关节可能受到多种疾病的影响，其中骨关节炎可能是最常见的。颞下颌关节本身的病理过程往往是咀嚼系统疼痛和功能障碍的原因，即使没有结构改变的影像学证据，情况也可能如此。
