Gdoutos E E, Raftopoulos D D, Baril J D
Biomaterials. 1982 Jan;3(1):2-8. doi: 10.1016/0142-9612(82)90053-9.
The objective of this paper is to present a critical review of the mechanical behaviour of the human femur with particular emphasis on the determination of the internal stress distribution under the action of a variety of forces resulting from daily living activities. For attaining such a goal, knowledge of the applied forces in combination with the internal structure and the mechanical properties of the material of the femur is needed. The whole work is divided into four parts. In the first two parts a brief description of the structure and the mechanical properties of the cortical and cancellous bones of the femur determined from the tension, compression, shear, bending, torsion and impact tests takes place. The third part deals with the analysis of the joint and muscle forces acting on the femur. In the fourth part the mathematical and experimental methods for the determination of the stress distribution in the femur are presented in detail. The mathematical methods include use of the beam theory and finite elements, while the experimental methods incorporate the brittle and photoelastic coatings, the strain gauges and the two- and three-dimensional photoelasticity. Finally, an analysis of the strength characteristics of the femur from the point of view of fracture mechanics is undertaken.
本文的目的是对人类股骨的力学行为进行批判性综述，特别强调确定日常生活活动产生的各种力作用下的内部应力分布。为实现这一目标，需要了解作用于股骨的力，以及股骨材料的内部结构和力学性能。整个工作分为四个部分。在前两部分中，简要描述了通过拉伸、压缩、剪切、弯曲、扭转和冲击试验确定的股骨皮质骨和松质骨的结构和力学性能。第三部分讨论作用于股骨的关节和肌肉力的分析。第四部分详细介绍了确定股骨应力分布的数学和实验方法。数学方法包括梁理论和有限元的应用，而实验方法包括脆性涂层和光弹性涂层、应变片以及二维和三维光弹性。最后，从断裂力学的角度对股骨的强度特性进行了分析。
