Malingering, also called shamming illness or goldbricking, is the false and fraudulent simulation or exaggeration of physical or mental disease or defect, performed in order to obtain money or drugs or to evade duty or criminal responsibility, or for other reasons that may be readily understood by an objective observer from the individual's circumstances, rather than from learning the individual's psychology. Malingering is seen in apparently normal children, students, test subjects, spouses, and adults. It is not a mental disorder. Malingering may coexist with the antisocial personality disorder, with various factitious disorders, such as the Ganser Syndrome and the Munchausen Syndrome, with the hysterias and with traumatic neuroses and other mental disorders. A review of definitions and a medicolegal discussion are presented. Malingering is an act, which is distinguished from a legal or mental status. Failure to distinguish act from status accounts for the wide disparities in definitions of malingering.
诈病，也称为装病或偷懒，是对身体或精神疾病或缺陷的虚假和欺诈性伪装或夸大，目的是获取金钱或毒品、逃避职责或刑事责任，或出于客观观察者从个人情况中容易理解的其他原因，而非了解个人心理。诈病可见于看似正常的儿童、学生、测试对象、配偶和成年人。它不是一种精神障碍。诈病可能与反社会人格障碍、各种做作性障碍（如甘塞尔综合征和孟乔森综合征）、癔症、创伤性神经症及其他精神障碍同时存在。本文对诈病的定义进行了综述并展开了法医学讨论。诈病是一种行为，有别于法律或精神状态。未能区分行为与状态导致了诈病定义的广泛差异。
