Malingering and malingering-like behavior: some clinical and conceptual issues.

Malingering phenomena are reconceptualized along a continuum of other-deceptive, and "malingering-like" mixed-deceptive and self-deceptive categories, depending upon the degree of the subject's conscious self-awareness. This schema heuristically expands the malingering concept to include its multivaried range of clinical presentations which are ubiquitously encountered but underdiscussed in the literature.