Divers T J, George L W, George J W
J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1982 Feb 1;180(3):300-2.
Signs of acute hemolytic anemia developed in 4 adult horses from 2 Georgia farms 3 to 4 days after the ingestion of wilted leaves from cut red maple trees (Acer rubrum). Clinical findings included weakness, polypnea, tachycardia, depression, icterus, cyanosis, and brownish discoloration of the blood and urine. Blood changes included methemoglobinemia, free plasma hemoglobin, decreased pcv, and Heinz bodies in erythrocytes. These findings plus hemoglobinuria suggested intravascular hemolysis. Three of the 4 horses diet 5 to 7 days after ingestion of the leaves. Gross pathologic changes included generalized icterus, splenomegaly and swollen, black kidneys. Microscopic changes including tubular nephrosis with hemoglobin casts, vacuolization of centrilobular hepatocytes, and sequestration of erythrocytes in splenic sinusoids. A disease indistinguishable from the field cases was induced in a pony by the oral administration of dried, ground red maple leaves at a dosage of 1.5 g/kg. The findings of methemoglobinemia, hemolysis, and Heinz bodies suggested that the toxic principle of the red maple leaf was an oxidant.
来自佐治亚州两个农场的4匹成年马在摄入砍倒的红枫树（槭树）枯萎叶片3至4天后出现急性溶血性贫血症状。临床症状包括虚弱、呼吸急促、心动过速、抑郁、黄疸、发绀以及血液和尿液呈褐色。血液变化包括高铁血红蛋白血症、游离血浆血红蛋白、红细胞压积降低以及红细胞内出现海因茨小体。这些发现加上血红蛋白尿提示血管内溶血。4匹马中有3匹在摄入叶片后5至7天死亡。大体病理变化包括全身黄疸、脾肿大和肾脏肿大、变黑。显微镜下变化包括肾小管肾病伴血红蛋白管型、小叶中心肝细胞空泡化以及脾血窦内红细胞滞留。通过以1.5 g/kg的剂量口服干燥、磨碎的红枫叶，在一匹小马身上诱发了一种与现场病例无法区分的疾病。高铁血红蛋白血症、溶血和海因茨小体的发现表明红枫叶的毒性成分是一种氧化剂。
