Melville G N, Kumar M, Ismail S, Mills J L
Respiration. 1982;43(1):29-34. doi: 10.1159/000194459.
The effects of tobacco smoke on the central nd peripheral airways were assessed in humans and rats by direct and indirect methods. In both species tobacco smoke affected the central and peripheral airways. In humans there were apparent decreases in the 1-second forced expiratory volume, peak expiratory flow rate and significant increases in closing volume and closing capacity (P less than 0.001). In rats significant changes were seen in specific airway resistance from the 6th week of exposure onwards. Similarly, airway luminal diameter decreased markedly in tobacco-exposed animals to subthreshold concentrations of acetylcholine (10(-8) M). This decrease was also exposure time dependent. The increased responsiveness of the respiratory system has been attributed to inter alia: (1) increased vagal activity; (2) increased mucus production leading to decreased airway lumen; (3) mucosal swelling due to changed ionic constellation; (4) disturbance of the lungs' defense mechanism; (5) imbalance in and easy accessibility to the adrenoceptors.
通过直接和间接方法在人类和大鼠中评估了烟草烟雾对中央气道和外周气道的影响。在这两个物种中，烟草烟雾都会影响中央气道和外周气道。在人类中，1秒用力呼气量、呼气峰值流速明显降低，闭合容积和闭合容量显著增加（P<0.001）。在大鼠中，从暴露第6周起，比气道阻力出现显著变化。同样，暴露于烟草的动物对低于阈值浓度的乙酰胆碱（10⁻⁸M）的气道管腔直径明显减小。这种减小也与暴露时间有关。呼吸系统反应性增加的原因尤其包括：（1）迷走神经活动增加；（2）粘液产生增加导致气道管腔减小；（3）由于离子组成改变引起的粘膜肿胀；（4）肺部防御机制紊乱；（5）肾上腺素能受体失衡且易于接近。
