Leff J P
Br J Psychiatry. 1978 Oct;133:306-13. doi: 10.1192/bjp.133.4.306.
A semantic differential technique was used to elicit concepts of anxiety, depression and irritability from twenty patients suffering from neurosis and ten experienced psychiatrists. It was found that psychiatrists hold concepts of these unpleasant affects that are much more differentiated than those held by patients. In particular, the psychiatrists' concepts of anxiety and depression showed a correlation of zero, whereas the patients' concepts of these affects overlapped to a considerable degree. Patients were unable to discriminate between anxiety and depression on the basis of 11 somatic symptoms, but were able to use these symptoms to distinguish anxiety and depression from irritability. The psychiatrists were in close accord with the patients over the somatic symptoms that distinguished anxiety from irritability.
采用语义差异技术，从20名神经症患者和10名经验丰富的精神科医生那里引出焦虑、抑郁和易怒的概念。结果发现，精神科医生对这些不良情绪的概念比患者的概念更加分化。特别是，精神科医生对焦虑和抑郁的概念相关性为零，而患者对这些情绪的概念有相当程度的重叠。患者无法根据11种躯体症状区分焦虑和抑郁，但能够利用这些症状将焦虑和抑郁与易怒区分开来。在区分焦虑和易怒的躯体症状方面，精神科医生与患者的看法高度一致。
