Shaffer J W, Kinlock T W, Nurco D N
J Clin Psychol. 1982 Jul;38(3):656-61. doi: 10.1002/1097-4679(198207)38:3<656::aid-jclp2270380336>3.0.co;2-v.
Factor analyses of abbreviated clinical and validating scales derived from the MMPI-168 yielded essentially the same solutions reported for full-length versions of the inventory. However, previously derived item-level factor scales did not emerge as distinct factors. Although the factor structures associated with black and white narcotic addict samples (N = 460) were highly similar, significant mean differences between the racial groups on many of the scales suggested the presence of greater psychopathology among white addicts.