Lateral interactions in the control of visual sensitivity.

Threshold vs intensity curves for cone vision, measured in the parafoveal retina, quickly saturate if the adapting background is made small (e.g. 19' at 5 degrees eccentricity). Log increment threshold increases at a rate of about 3:1 with log background illuminance at levels as low as 10 td. This shows that lateral interactions are an important process in preserving differential sensitivity in cone vision across the wide range of illuminances over which it normally operates. Parallels between light and dark adaptation in the effect of field size were explored, since effects of comparable magnitude are observed in both. Backgrounds and bleaches equated for their effects at one field size do not have equal effects on threshold at other field sizes, however, with small-area bleaches raising threshold more than predicted. This failure of equivalence was also revealed in a second experiment, in which recovery of sensitivity following small area bleaches was measured in the presence of large steady background fields, which have the effect of lowering threshold. Thresholds following the small bleach were lowered less than expected on the basis of the "equivalent background" hypothesis, a result which we take to mean that signals from bleached cones exceed those produced by a background which has an equivalent effect on threshold (the "equivalent background"). Control experiments examined whether rods contribute to the overloading of cone response by small fields and the possible contribution of such central adaptation processes as spatial frequency adaptation.