Callahan J A, Wroblewski E M, Reeder G S, Edwards W D, Seward J B, Tajik A J
Am J Cardiol. 1982 Oct;50(4):762-8. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(82)91231-0.
We reviewed the records of the Mayo Clinic patients with known carcinoid syndrome in whom echocardiographic studies had been done. Nineteen patients had M-mode and 2-dimensional echocardiographic examinations, and 1 patient had an M-mode examination only. Of the 20 patients, 8 had no evidence by echocardiogram of carcinoid heart disease; 2 had changes in the tricuspid valve echogram suggestive of early carcinoid heart disease, and the other 10 patients had the following distinctive echocardiographic findings: (1) the pattern of right ventricular volume overload (enlarged right ventricle with abnormal septal motion); (2) abnormal right-sided valves, including (a) a striking appearance of the tricuspid valve, the leaflets appearing thickened, retracted, and fixed in a semiopen position throughout the cardiac cycle, and (b) thickened, retracted pulmonic valve cusps, when visualized; and (3) the left-sided valves and chambers rarely involved. These echocardiographic features are distinctive of advanced carcinoid heart disease and correlate closely with pathologic findings.
