Warren R, Owen D H
Aviat Space Environ Med. 1982 Oct;53(10):977-83.
The application to aviation psychology of Gibson's (4) "ecological approach to visual perception" demands information-rich visual displays to adequately and unambiguously enable a pilot to perform flight maneuvers. Optical information often takes the form of invariant properties of a changing optic array, and functional invariants are defined as psychologically effective optical invariants. Their effectiveness is determined by empirical test, but standard experimental paradigms are shown to be inappropriate for testing the effectiveness of information-rich displays. This is due to the presence of inherent and unavoidable confounding factors that are here termed "secondary independent variables" in contradistinction to the "primary independent variables" manipulated by the experimenter. Recommendations for a new methodology and statistical treatment are offered, and the implications for aviation psychology are discussed.
吉布森（4）的“视觉感知的生态方法”在航空心理学中的应用需要信息丰富的视觉显示，以便充分且明确地使飞行员能够执行飞行操作。光学信息通常采取变化的光学阵列的不变属性的形式，功能不变量被定义为具有心理有效性的光学不变量。它们的有效性由实证测试确定，但标准实验范式被证明不适用于测试信息丰富的显示的有效性。这是由于存在内在且不可避免的混杂因素，在这里与实验者操纵的“主要自变量”相对，这些因素被称为“次要自变量”。本文提供了一种新方法和统计处理的建议，并讨论了其对航空心理学的影响。
