Givens D B
Psychiatry. 1978 Nov;41(4):346-59. doi: 10.1080/00332747.1978.11023994.
According to a familiar phrase, the "language" of love is universal. Recent ethological studies of nonlinguistic communication in courtship using facial expression, gesture, posture, distance, paralanguage, and gaze have begun to establish that a universal, culture-free, nonverbal sign system may exist (Eibl-Eibesfeldt, 1975), which is available to all persons for negotiating sexual relationships. The nonverbal mode, more powerful than the verbal for expressing such fundamental contingencies in social relationships as liking, disliking, superiority, timidity, fear and so on, appears to be rooted firmly in man's zoological heritage (Bateson, 1966, 1968). Paralleling a vertebrate-wide plan, human courtship expressivity often relies on nonverbal signs of submissiveness (meekness, harmlessness) and affiliation (willingness to form a social bond). Adoption of a submissive-affiliative social pose enables a person to convey an engaging, nonthreatening image that tends to attract potential mates. This report explores several conspicuous nonlinguistic cues that appear to be used widely in contexts of flirtation, courtship, and seduction. The expressive units are discussed from the standpoint of their occurence in five phases of courtship, and are illustrated by four cases.
常言道，爱的“语言”是通用的。最近关于求爱过程中非语言交流的行为学研究，涉及面部表情、手势、姿势、距离、副语言和眼神凝视等方面，已开始证实可能存在一种通用的、不受文化影响的非语言符号系统（艾布尔-艾贝斯费尔特，1975年），所有人都可利用该系统来协商两性关系。非语言模式在表达诸如喜欢、厌恶、优越、胆怯、恐惧等社会关系中的基本偶然情况时，比语言模式更具影响力，它似乎深深植根于人类的动物学遗产之中（贝特森，1966年，1968年）。与整个脊椎动物的模式相似，人类求爱的表现力常常依赖于表示顺从（温顺、无害）和亲密关系（愿意建立社会联系）的非语言信号。采取一种顺从亲密的社会姿态能使一个人传达出一种有吸引力、无威胁的形象，从而往往能吸引潜在的伴侣。本报告探讨了几种明显的非语言暗示，这些暗示似乎在调情、求爱和诱惑情境中被广泛使用。从这些暗示在求爱五个阶段中的出现情况这一角度对表达单位进行了讨论，并通过四个案例加以说明。
